Estrategias de sostenibilidad en comunidades urbanas y rurales
Palavras-chave:
sostenibilidad comunitaria, desarrollo rural, desarrollo urbano, economía circular, participación ciudadana.Resumo
La sostenibilidad de las comunidades urbanas y rurales constituye un desafío multidimensional relacionado con el cambio climático, la degradación ambiental, la desigualdad territorial, la seguridad alimentaria, el acceso a energía, la gestión de residuos y la participación ciudadana. El objetivo de esta revisión de alcance fue identificar, organizar y analizar las principales estrategias de sostenibilidad implementadas en comunidades urbanas y rurales, considerando sus dimensiones ambientales, sociales, económicas, territoriales e institucionales. Se siguieron las orientaciones metodológicas del Joanna Briggs Institute y los criterios de presentación de PRISMA-ScR. La pregunta de investigación se formuló mediante el enfoque PCC: población o participantes, comunidades y actores locales; concepto, estrategias de sostenibilidad; y contexto, territorios urbanos y rurales. Se planteó la búsqueda de publicaciones en Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SciELO y Google Scholar, considerando estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2024 en español, inglés y portugués. La síntesis temática permitió identificar seis grupos principales de estrategias: soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, transición energética comunitaria, economía circular y gestión de residuos, sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, gobernanza participativa y articulación urbano-rural. La evidencia indica que las intervenciones más consistentes combinan innovación ambiental, participación comunitaria, inclusión social, fortalecimiento institucional y adaptación a las particularidades territoriales. Además, se reconocieron vacíos relacionados con la evaluación longitudinal, la distribución equitativa de beneficios y la limitada representación de comunidades latinoamericanas en la evidencia científica disponible más reciente. Se concluye que la sostenibilidad comunitaria no depende de acciones aisladas, sino de procesos integrados que vinculen recursos naturales, infraestructura, capacidades locales, gobernanza y justicia territorial.
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Referências
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